Citing in Chicago (18th Edition)

Citing in ChicagoAcademic Integrity

The following guide is for the Notes-Bibliography style of Chicago. Formerly, Turabian (Notes-Bibliography) and Chicago were essentially the same style, but no longer. If your professor wants you to cite according to Turabian (Notes-Bibliography), please consultant the Turabian Quick-Guide. 

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), 18th edition, is published by the University of Chicago Press and provides the current guidelines of citing according to Chicago style. This is the most widely used citation style at Tyndale in disciplines like Biblical Studies and Theology, Philosophy, History, Leadership, Spiritual Formations, and more.

Did you know that as a Tyndale student, you have electronic access to the full Chicago Manual of Style? Log into the Chicago website using your myTyndale credentials.

Formatting

Title Page

The CMS does not have official guidelines for student-paper title pages, but we recommend the following template:

  • Centre the title of your paper IN ALL CAPS around 1/3 of the way down the page.
  • Approximately halfway down the page, include your name.
  • Towards the bottom of the page, double spaced, list:
    • The professor’s name
    • The course code and name
    • The date of submission

Do NOT number your title page. View a sample title page!

Page Numbers

Include a page number in the top right corner of all pages, excluding the title page. The first page after your title page should be counted as page 1. (NOTE: Page numbering works different for thesis-level works). 

Headings

Chicago does not require the use of headings. They are useful in longer papers (6+ pages) but are discouraged in short ones.

Headings should be organized by "levels," with each level representing a different degree of importance. All headings at the same level should be of equal importance.

  • A-level headings are the main sections of your paper, such as "Introduction," "Conclusion," or major thematic divisions.
  • B-level headings are subsections within an A-level heading, helping to break down the content further.
  • C-level headings are subsections within a B-level heading. And so on... 

Use additional levels of headings only when absolutely necessary, and only introduce a new heading level if you will have at least two headings of that level. According to CMS, you should avoid using more than three levels of headings unless your paper is highly complex.

All headings in Chicago should be aligned with the left margin and should use "Title-Style Capitalization," meaning the first letter of all major words should be capitalized. Beyond that, you can choose how to format each of your heading levels, so long as:

  1. Each level looks distinct from the others (e.g., all A-level headings are bold, all B-level headings are bold and italicized, etc.), and
  2. Each level is consistent throughout your paper (e.g., all A-level headings should follow the same format, all B-level headings should follow theirs, etc.)

Font

While the CMS allows for other fonts types and sizes, the Tyndale standard is that all papers should be written in 12 pt. font, Times New Roman, and double-spaced. If your professor wants a different font type or size, they will communicate that as part of their assignment instructions. 

NOTE: Do not include extra spacing between paragraphs; instead, indent the first line of each paragraph by 0.5 inches.

Citation Rules and Common Sources in Chicago

Formatting Footnotes

Chicago (Notes-Bibliography) cites sources using superscript numbers in the body of your paper which match with footnotes (at the bottom of the page) or endnotes (on a separate page at the end of the paper). NOTE: You should use footnotes unless your professor indicates otherwise.

Each time you use a source, whether as a direct quotation (enclosed in "quotation marks"), a paraphrase, or a summary, you must include a footnote in your paper. To add a footnote to your paper, use the “Insert Footnote” function under the “References” tab in Microsoft Word.

Footnotes should be formatted using the same font and line spacing as the rest of your paper (i.e., 12-pt, Times New Roman, double-spaced). You should also indent the first line of each footnote by 0.5 inches. You can change these settings after creating your first footnote, right-clicking in the footer area, and adjusting the appropriate settings under the "Paragraph" and "Font" buttons. 

Shortened Footnotes

According to the CMS, 18th edition, "citations of sources already given in full—either in a previous note or in a bibliography that provides complete bibliographic data—should be shortened whenever possible" (13.32). This means that when you include a Bibliography in your paper (as is common practice with Chicago papers at Tyndale), you do NOT need to include a "long" version of the footnote as was commonly done in previous editions of Chicago. 

When you cite a source for the first time in your paper (assuming you have a Bibliography), or when you cite that source again after referring to another source in-between, you should include in your footnote the author's last name, a shortened version of the title (no more than 4 words but still clearly representative of the source), and the page number. 

1 Lastname, Shortened Title of Source, ##.

When the previous footnote is from the same source, include only the author’s last name and page number in the next footnote:

2 Lastname, ##.

NOTE: Previous editions of Chicago recommended using the abbreviation Ibid. for shortened citations, but this is now discouraged.

Long Footnotes

In some cases, in lieu of a Bibliography, a professor may allow you to use a longer footnote with full bibliographical information the first time each source is referenced. We will provide examples of long footnotes, but if you are unsure which method to use, confirm with your professor. 

In this case, after providing the first longer footnote for each source, you need to follow the rest of the "shortened citation" rules above for all subsequent references to that same source. 

Block Quotations

For a quotation of 5 or more lines / 100+ words of prose OR of 4 or more lines of poetry, you need to use block formatting. Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase and colon (preferred) or period. Then, on a new line, begin the quote. Indent the entire quote 0.5 inches from the left margin (so that the whole quote lines up with the indent of a new paragraph) and change the formatting to single-spaced. Do not start or end the quote with quotation marks (except to note quotations within the quotation), but still include a footnote at the end of the quote. For example:

(Let's pretend this block quotation comes in the middle of a paragraph. Before starting the quotation, provide a contextualizing sentence like the next one.) Later in the article, Turner and Pérez-Quiñones describe some of the pitfalls of electronic notetaking:

The results showing that most students in our survey do not modify their notes (or even review them) frequently imply that the benefit of easy modification, which comes with a digital medium, may not be that important. Similarly, since there was only a lukewarm response to the sharing of notes between students, that may also not be of much use.3

More study will need to be done to determine if these cons outweigh the pros of taking notes on a computer.... (And then you would keep going with more sentences that elaborate on your quotation and continue your paragraph. Note that you do not indent the beginning of this part because it is not a new paragraph.)

3 Turner and Pérez-Quiñones, "Electronic Note Taking Systems", 266.

Can I Include "Commentary" in my Footnotes?

Including tangents or "commentary" in a footnote is permitted in Chicago, but we recommend only including these when absolutely necessary. If you are wondering if you should include commentary, ask yourself the following questions first:

  1. Is this commentary essential to my argument? (If yes, then it should be included as part of your text, not in the footnote.)
  2. How does this commentary help my essay? - Sometimes, including a side comment in a footnote is useful for elaborating on a helpful but not not immediately relevant point in your paper. In that case, you can consider including the commentary in your footnote. However, if your answer is that the commentary does not help your essay, then we recommend not including it.4

When your footnote includes both a citation and commentary, always include the citation first, then the commentary.5

4 This is an example of commentary in a footnote. It is uses the same font and formatting as cited footnotes. 

5 The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th ed. (University of Chicago Press, 2024), 13.40. This is an example of how to do a footnote with a citation and commentary. 

Back to top

Formatting Bibliographies

It is common practice in Tyndale classes using Chicago to include a Bibliography. This is an alphabetized list of every source quoted and paraphrased in your paper. 

Begin your Bibliography on a new page with the centred title “Bibliography.” Leave two blank single-spaced lines between this title and the first entry.

Start each Bibliography entry at the left margin, leaving a blank line between each entry. For entries of 2 or more lines, keep them single-spaced and use a hanging indent (first line flush with margin, subsequent lines indented) of 0.5 inches.

When including titles in your Bibliography entries, use “Title-Style Capitalization.” This means that you should capitalize the first letter of all titles, the first letter of all subtitles, and any other major words in those titles (e.g., “Mission” and “Physical” but not “for” or “a”).

Example:

Bibliography

Shepherd, Victor. "The 'Charge' We Have to 'Keep': Enhancing Gospel Integrity in Christian Higher Education." In Christian Higher Education in Canada: Challenges and Opportunities, edited by Stanley E. Porter and Bruce G. Fawcett. Pickwick Publications, 2020.

Back to top

Citation Examples

The sections below provide examples of shortened footnotes, long footnotes (if applicable), and Bibliography entries for common types of sources used at Tyndale. For more information on these and other types of sources, please consult the Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition.

Authors, Editors, and Translators

The following rules describe how to cite any type of source that has unique rules for authors, editors, or translators. For specific details on how to cite types of sources, please read the relevant sections below. 

Two Authors

Include both authors’ names in footnotes and Bibliography entries.

Shortened Footnotes

1 Robinson and Koester, Trajectories through Early Christianity, 237.

2 Robinson and Koester, 252.

Bibliography (or Long Footnote)

For Bibliography entries with two authors, only invert the first and last name for the first author's name.  

3 James M. Robinson and Helmut Koester, Trajectories through Early Christianity (Fortress, 1971), 225.

Robinson, James M. and Helmut Koester. Trajectories through Early Christianity. Fortress, 1971.

Three or More Authors

For footnotes, give the first author’s name listed for the source followed by the acronym “et al.”

Shortened Footnotes

4 Toy et al., Case Studies, 32.

5 Toy et al., 36.

Bibliography (or Long Footnote)

For 3-6 authors, include all the authors' names in the Bibliography entry (only invert the first authors' name) or long footnote. For 7 or more authors, include the first six authors followed by "et al."

6 Katie Aubrecht, Christine Kelly, and Carla Rice, eds., The Aging–Disability Nexus (UBC Press, 2020), 44.

Aubrecht, Katie, Christine Kelly, and Carla Rice, eds. The Aging–Disability Nexus. UBC Press, 2020.

7 Eugene Toy, Robert Yetman, Rebecca Girardet, Mark Hormann, Sheela Lahoti, Margaret McNeese, et al., Case Files: Pediatrics, 3rd ed. (McGraw-Hill, 2009), 39.

Toy, Eugene, Robert Yetman, Rebecca Girardet, Mark Hormann, Sheela Lahoti, Margaret McNeese, et al. Case Files: Pediatrics. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, 2009.

Editor in Place of Author

When citing a book where you need to cite an editor instead of an author, include “ed." for one editor or "eds." for multiple editors/eds.” after the name(s) at the beginning of the long footnote/Bibliography entries.

Shortened Footnotes

8 Christiansen and Ramadevi, Reeducating the Educator, 16.

9 Christiansen and Ramadevi, 21.

Bibliography (or Long Footnote)

10 Helen Christiansen and Sharon Ramadevi, eds., Reeducating the Educator: Global Perspectives on Community Building (State University of New York Press, 2002), 14.

Christiansen, Helen and Sharon Ramadevi, eds. Reeducating the Educator: Global Perspectives on Community Building. State University of New York Press, 2002.

Source with Editor and Author

Shortened Footnotes

You do not need to include the editor's name(s) as part of shortened footnotes.

11 Roosevelt, “Alternative to Economic Man," 51.

12 Roosevelt, 55.

Bibliography (or Long Footnote)

After the title of the edited source, include “ed.” in the long footnote or "edited by" in the Bibliography entry, followed by the editor's name(s).

13 Grace Roosevelt, “An Alternative to Economic Man: The Limitation of Desire in Rousseau’s Emile,” in Rousseau and Desire, ed. Mark Blackell, John Duncan, and Simon Kow (University of Toronto Press, 2009), http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442685376.6.

Roosevelt, Grace. “An Alternative to Economic Man: The Limitation of Desire in Rousseau’s Emile.” In Rousseau and Desire, edited by Mark Blackell, John Duncan, and Simon Kow. University of Toronto Press, 2009. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442685376.6.

Translators

Shortened Footnotes

You do not need to include the translator's name(s) as part of shortened footnotes.

14 Bonhoeffer, Christ the Center, 49.

15 Bonhoeffer, 58.

Bibliography (or Long Footnote)

After the title of the translated source, include “trans.” in the long footnote, or "Translated by" in the Bibliography entry, followed by the translator's name(s).

16 Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Christ the Center, trans. Edwin Robertson (Harper & Row, 1978), 43.

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich. Christ the Center. Translated by Edwin Robertson. Harper & Row, 1978.

Back to top

Books (eBooks, Chapters in a Collection)

Print Book

Shortened Footnotes

1 Beverly, Religions A to Z, 191.

2 Beverly, 202.

Bibliography (or Long Footnote)

(Footnote Template) # Firstname Lastname, Title of the Work (Publishing Company, Year), pg##.

3 James A. Beverly, Religions A to Z: A Guide to the 100 Most Influential Religious Movements (Thomas Nelson, 2005), 187.

(Biblio. Template) Lastname, Firstname. Title of the Work. Publishing Company, Year.

Beverly, James A. Religions A to Z: A Guide to the 100 Most Influential Religious Movements. Thomas Nelson, 2005.

eBook

When an eBook has no page numbers/non-stable pagination, use the smallest identifiable locator instead (e.g., paragraph or chapter number, section name, locator number, etc.) in the footnotes.

Shortened Footnotes

4 Reventlow, From the Old Testament, chap. 13.

5 Reventlow, chap, 13.

Bibliography (or Long Footnote)

For sources found online, include either the book's URL or the database you found the book in (e.g., EBSCOhost). For downloadable eBooks, cite the format in which you accessed the source (e.g., Kindle). 

(Footnote Template) # Firstname Lastname, Title of the Work (Publishing Company, Year), pg##, URL/database/edition. 

6 John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, ed. C. B. McPherson (Hackett Publishing Company, 1980), chap. 5, https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7370/pg7370-images.html. 

7 Brooke Borel, The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking, 2nd ed. (University of Chicago Press, 2023), 92, EBSCOhost.

8 Henning Graf Reventlow, From the Old Testament to Origen. Vol. 1 of History of Biblical Interpretation, trans. Leo G. Perdue (Society of Biblical Literature, 2009), chap. 13, Nook edition.

(Biblio. Template) Lastname, Firstname. Title of the Work. Publishing Company, Year. URL/database/ebook edition.

Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press, 2023. EBSCOhost.

Locke, John. Second Treatise of Government, edited by C. B. McPherson. Hackett Publishing Company, 1980. https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7370/pg7370-images.html.

Reventlow, Henning Graf. From the Old Testament to Origen. Volume 1 of History of Biblical Interpretation. Translated by Leo G. Perdue. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2009. Nook edition.

Chapter/Essay in an Anthology

This category is used when you are citing one or more chapters or essays from a book/anthology where each chapter or essay has a different author. The chapter titles go in quotation marks, while the larger anthology goes in italics, followed by details about the anthology's editor(s). For the shortened footnotes, only include the chapter author's last name and (if applicable) a shortened version of the article title.

Shortened Footnotes

9 Davis, “Evil and Agent Causal Theism,” 17.

10 Davis, 21.

Bibliography (or Long Footnote)

(Footnote Template) # Firstname Lastname, “Title of the Chapter,” in Title of the Anthology, ed. Editor’s Name (Publishing Company, Year), pg##.

11 Richard B. Davis, “Evil and Agent-Causal Theism,” in Explaining Evil: Four Views, ed. W. Paul Franks (Bloomsbury Academic, 2019), 13.

(Biblio. Template) Lastname, Firstname. “Title of the Chapter.” In Title of the Book, edited by Editor’s Name. Publishing Company, Year.

Davis, Richard B. “Evil and Agent-Causal Theism.” In Explaining Evil: Four Views, edited by W. Paul Franks. Bloomsbury Academic, 2019.

Bibliography Rules for Multiple Chapters from the Same Anthology

If you reference two or more chapters/essays from the same collection, you should include a full Bibliography entry for the collection/anthology (with the editor's name in the spot of the author) as well as shortened Bibliography entries (i.e., no publication info) for each chapter. In the examples below, the first and third entries are for the chapters, and the second entry is for the collection:

Davis, Richard B. “Evil and Agent-Causal Theism.” In Explaining Evil: Four Views.

Franks, W. Paul, ed. Explaining Evil: Four Views. Bloomsbury Academic, 2019.

Ruse, Michael. "Evil and Atheistic Moral Skepticism." In Explaining Evil: Four Views.

Back to top

Class Materials (lectures, PowerPoints, etc.)

In-Person Lecture

Shortened Footnotes

You do not need to include a page number or similar indicator for in-person lectures. Just include the lecturer's name and the title of the lecture.

1 Webb, “Validation of Semantic Fields.”

Bibliography (or Long Footnote)

(Footnote Template) # Firstname Lastname, “Title of the Lecture” (lecture, School or Organization Giving the Lecture, Month Day Year).

2 Bill Webb, “Validation of Semantic Fields” (lecture, Tyndale University, Toronto, October 1, 2019).

(Biblio. Template) Lastname, Firstname. “Title of the Lecture.” Lecture presented at/by School or Organization Giving the Lecture, Month Day, Year. 

Webb, Bill. “Validation of Semantic Fields.” Lecture presented at Tyndale University, October 1, 2019. 

Online/Video Lecture

Shortened Footnotes

As with in-person lectures, you do not need to include a page number or similar indicator for online lectures. Simply provide the lecturer's name and a shortened title of the lecture.

3 Vaitea Cowan, “Green Hydrogen."

4 Masson, “The Four Loves."

5 Robertson, "The Doctrine of Discovery."

Bibliography (or Long Footnote)

The formatting for long footnotes and Bibliography entries for lectures varies based on the formatting of the video recording and how the lecture is published. For example, footnote 6 shows how to cite a TED Talk:

6 Vaitea Cowan, “How Green Hydrogen Could End the Fossil Fuel Era,” TED Talk, Vancouver, BC, April 2022, 9 min., 15 sec., https://www.ted.com/talks/vaitea_cowan_how_green_hydrogen_could_end_the_fossil_fuel_era.

Cowan, Vaitea. "How Green Hydrogen Could End the Fossil Fuel Era." TED Talk, Vancouver, BC, April 2022. 9 min., 15 sec. https://www.ted.com/talks/vaitea_cowan_how_green_hydrogen_could_end_the_fossil_fuel_era.

When citing virtual Tyndale lectures, Writing and Tutoring Services suggests the following examples: Footnote 7 gives our recommendation for Tyndale lectures published on YouTube, and footnote 8 gives our recommendation for a lecture posted directly to Moodle. Please note that in footnote 7, since the original lecture date is not provided, our footnote only provides the date on which the lecture was published online.

(Footnote Template) # Firstname Lastname of lecturer, “Title of the Lecture,” virtual lecture, School or Organization, Month Day, Year [date of lecture if provided], posted Month Day, Year [date the lecture was uploaded if provided], by Title of Channel [if applicable], Website Name, URL.

7 Scott Masson, “C S Lewis, The Four Loves - Background," virtual lecture, Tyndale University, posted December 3, 2024, by Dr Scott Masson, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZBtDEz2MMU. 

8 Jamie Robertson, "The Doctrine of Discovery," virtual lecture, Tyndale University, January 20, 2025, Moodle, https://classes.tyndale.ca/course/view.php?id=notarealcoursepage. 

(Biblio. Template) Lastname, Firstname. “Title of the Lecture.” Virtual Lecture at/by School or Organization, Month Day, Year [Publishing Date]. Title of Channel [if applicable]. Website Name. URL. 

Masson, Scott. “C S Lewis, The Four Loves - Background." Virtual lecture at Tyndale University, December 3, 2024. Dr Scott Masson. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZBtDEz2MMU. 

Robertson, James. "The Doctrine of Discovery." Virtual lecture at Tyndale University, January 20, 2025. Moodle. https://classes.tyndale.ca/course/view.php?id=notarealcoursepage.

For other types of online lectures, please visit section 14.167 of the CMS for advice on how to build a citation for yourself.

PowerPoint/Lecture Notes

Shortened Footnotes

In your footnote, in lieu of page numbers, provide some sort of indicator (lecture note page number, slide number, etc.) to let your reader know where you got the information from.

9 Wong, “Delirium in Dementia,” slide 6.

10 Wong, slide 12.

Bibliography (or Long Citation)

(Footnote Template) # Firstname Lastname, “Title of the Lecture” (PowerPoint presentation, School or Organization Giving the Lecture, City, Month Day Year), slide or pg.##.

11 Eric K. C. Wong, “Delirium in Dementia: A Learning Module for Clinicians” (PowerPoint presentation, Senior Friendly Care, Toronto, January 2020), slide 4.

(Biblio. Template) Lastname, Firstname. “Title of the Lecture.” Lecture presented at/by School or Organization Giving the Lecture, City, Month Day, Year.

Wong, Eric K. C. “Delirium in Dementia: A Learning Module for Clinicians.” Lecture presented by Senior Friendly Care, Toronto, January 2020.

Back to top

Commentaries (Multi-volume, in a Series, on STEPBible)

Multi-Volume Commentaries

This refers to any commentary (or other multi-volume work) that includes at least two volumes. Note that in both the footnotes and the Bibliography entry, the titles for both the individual volume and the larger multi-volume work are italicized. For shortened footnotes, you should include the volume number and a colon before providing the page number. 

Shortened Footnotes

1 Barth, Doctrine of the Word, 1.2:157.

2 Barth, 1.2:157.

Bibliography (or Long Footnote)

Please note that the templates below include the basic information that should be included when citing a multi-volume work. The Karl Barth example includes extra features (like “part #” and translator) that may not be relevant to all examples.

(Footnote Template) # Firstname Lastname, Title of the Individual Book/Volume, vol. #, Title of the Larger Multi-Volume Work, ed. Editor’s Name(s) (Publishing Company, Year), pg.##.

3 Karl Barth, The Doctrine of the Word of God, vol. 1, part 2, Church Dogmatics, trans. G. T. Thomson and Harold Knight, ed. G. W. Bromiley and Thomas F. Torrance (T&T Clark, 2004), 157.

(Biblio. Template) Lastname, Firstname. Title of the Individual Book/Volume. Vol. # of Title of the Larger Multi-Volume Work, edited by Editor’s Name(s). Publishing Company, 2004.

Barth, Karl. The Doctrine of the Word of God. Vol. 1, part 2 of Church Dogmatics. Translated by G. T. Thomson and Harold Knight, edited by G. W. Bromiley and Thomas F Torrance. T&T Clarke, 2004.

Commentary in a Series (Non-Volumed)

This refers to commentaries that do not have different volumes BUT are included in a larger series of commentaries published by the same group. Note that the series title is not italicized. 

Shortened Footnotes

4 Enns, Exodus, 128.

5 Enns, 135.

Bibliography (or Long Footnote)

(Footnote Template) # Firstname Lastname, Title of the Book, Title of the Commentary Series (Publishing Company, Year), pg.##.

6 Peter Enns, Exodus, The NIV Application Commentary Series (Zondervan, 2000), 126.

(Biblio. Template) Firstname, Lastname. Title of the Book. Title of the Commentary Series. Publishing Company, Year.

Enns, Peter. Exodus. The NIV Application Commentary Series. Zondervan, 2000.

Commentary on STEP Bible

When citing a commentary found on STEPBible, cite it like a regular commentary (including title of book and series as applicable) but also include information for the website title and the URL.

Shortened Footnotes

7 Kelley and Brown, 1 Samuel, https://www.stepbible.org/?q=version=Wesley|reference=1Sa.1.

8 Kelley and Brown, https://www.stepbible.org/?q=version=Wesley|reference=1Sa.1.

Bibliography (or Long Footnote)

(Footnote Template) # Firstname Lastname, Title of the Book, Title of the Commentary Series (Publishing Company, Year), Title of the Website, URL.

9 Sulu Kelley and Bill Brown, 1 Samuel, John Wesley’s Notes on the Bible (Tyndale House, 2020), STEP Bible, https://www.stepbible.org/?q=version=Wesley|reference=1Sa.1.

(Biblio. Template) Lastname, Firstname. Title of the Book. Title of the Commentary Series. Publishing Company, Year. Title of the Website. URL.

Kelley, Sulu and Bill Brown. 1 Samuel. John Wesley’s Notes on the Bible. Tyndale House, 2020. STEP Bible. https://www.stepbible.org/?q=version=Wesley|reference=1Sa.1.

Back to top

Journal (Peer-Reviewed) and Other Articles

Peer-Reviewed Journal

The examples referenced below assumes you are looking at an electronic journal article. Whenever possible, include a DOI (digital object identifier). If you don't have that, provide either the URL (Permalink/Stable URL) or the database in which you found the source. If you are citing a print journal article, exclude the DOI number/URL/database.

Shortened Footnotes

1 Pedlar, “Comparing the Missional Theologies,” 144.

2 Pedlar, 146.

Bibliography (or Long Footnote)

(Footnote Template) # Firstname Lastname, “Title of the Article,” Title of the Journal [volume] #, [issue] no. # (Year): pg.##, DOI/URL/database if applicable.

3 James E. Pedlar, “Universal Atonement or Ongoing Incarnation?: Comparing the Missional Theologies of William Booth and Isaac Hecker,” Wesleyan Theological Journal 50, no. 1 (2015): 136, https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,sso&db=lsdar&AN=ATLAn3820493&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

(Biblio. Template) Lastname, Firstname. “Title of the Article.” Title of the Journal [volume] #, [issue] no. # (Year): pg. range. DOI or URL if applicable.

Pedlar, James E. “Universal Atonement or Ongoing Incarnation?: Comparing the Missional Theologies of William Booth and Isaac Hecker.” Wesleyan Theological Journal 50, no. 1 (2015): 134–52. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,sso&db=lsdar&AN=ATLAn3820493&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

Magazine/Newspaper Article

Shortened Footnotes

If you are citing a newspaper or magazine article published on a website, you do not need to include a page number in your footnotes. 

4 Scott, "God Save our Gracious Queen," 26.

5 Scott, 27.

6 Faught, "Still Seeking Peace." 

Bibliography (or Long Citation)

(Footnote Template) # Firstname Lastname, “Title of the Article,” Title of the Magazine/Newspaper, Year/Date, pg.## OR URL.

7 Daniel Scott, “God Save Our Gracious Queen - Platinum Jubliee in Edinburgh,” Organ Canada, Fall 2022, 27.

8 C. Brad Faught, “Still Seeking Peace in Jerusalem 100 Years Since Britain’s Victory,” Toronto Star, December 11, 2017, https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/still-seeking-peace-in-jerusalem-100-years-since-britain-s-victory/article_77cf1f98-43e0-539e-a0f7-78c09dbf08d1.html.

(Biblio. Template) Lastname, Firstname. “Title of the Article.” Title of the Magazine/Newspaper, Date/Year, URL.

Faught, C. Brad. “Still Seeking Peace in Jerusalem 100 Years Since Britain’s Victory.” Toronto Star, December 11, 2017, https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/still-seeking-peace-in-jerusalem-100-years-since-britain-s-victory/article_77cf1f98-43e0-539e-a0f7-78c09dbf08d1.html.

Scott, Daniel. “God Save Our Gracious Queen - Platinum Jubliee in Edinburgh." Organ Canada. Fall 2022.

Back to top

Reference Works (Dictionaries, Encyclopaedias, STEPBible Lexicon, etc.)

Common Reference Works (Print)

When citing a well-known print reference work that is regularly updated (e.g., popular dictionaries or encyclopaedias), you do not need to include publication information in the note, nor must the entry appear in the Bibliography. Simply include the reference work’s name, edition, and year of publication, and what term is being looked up with the word "under".

Shortened Footnotes

(Template) # Reference Work Name, #th ed. (Year), under “term you are looking up.”

1 Enyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., under “salvation.”

2 Enyclopaedia Britannica, under “salvation.”

Common Reference Works (Online)

When citing a well-known online reference work (e.g., popular dictionaries or encyclopaedias available online), include a long footnote the first time you cite it. Include the reference work’s name; the term being researched (without the word "under"); either the publishing date, the most recent modification date, OR the date you accessed the term, and the URL. Do not include an entry in your Bibliography.

Footnotes

(Template) # Online Reference Work Name, “term you are looking up," [last modified/accessed] Month Day, Year, URL.

3 Brittanica, “hedonism (philosophy),” last modified November 23, 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/hedonism.

4 Oxford Learner's Dictionary, "certify," accessed December 11, 2024, https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/certify?q=....

5 Brittanica, "hedonism (philosophy)."

6 Oxford Learner's Dictionary, "certify."

Theological Dictionaries and Other Uncommon Reference Works

For less common reference works, such as discipline-specific reference works where many terms have long, authored definitions, cite those entries like you would a chapter in an anthology.

Shortened Footnotes

7 Reynolds, “Logos,” 524.

8 Reynolds, 525.

Bibliography (or Long Footnote)

(Footnote Template) # Firstname Lastname, “Title of the Chapter,” in Title of the Anthology, ed. Editor’s Name (Publishing Company, Year), pg##.

9 Benjamin E. Reynolds, “Logos,” in Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, ed. Nicholas Perrin, Jeannine Brown, and Joel Green (IVP Academic, 2013), 523.

(Biblio. Template) Lastname, Firstname. “Title of the Chapter.” In Title of the Book, edited by Editor’s Name. Publishing Company, Year.

Reynolds, Benjamin E. “Logos.” In Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, edited by Nicholas Perrin, Jeannine Brown, and Joel Green. IVP Academic, 2013.

NOTE: As will chapters in an anthology, if you cite multiple entries from the same uncommon reference work, you should include the entire dictionary as a full Bibliography entry and then shortened Bibliography entries for each term you looked up. In the example below, the first example is for the dictionary and the other two examples are entries in that dictionary:

Perrin, Nicholas, Jeannine Brown, and Joel Green, eds. Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels. IVP Academic, 2013.

Peters, D. M. "Essenes." In Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels.

Reynolds, Benjamin E. “Logos.” In Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels​​​​​.

Lexicon on STEP Bible

When citing a lexicon found on STEP Bible, cite it like an online reference work without an author. Make sure you include any vowel or accent markers for the word you are looking up. Include a long citation the first time you reference the lexicon and shortened citations for subsequent references. Do not include an entry in your Bibliography. 

Footnote

(Template) # Title of the Lexicon, “term being looked up,” Title of the Website, accessed Month Day, Year, URL.

10 A Greek-English Lexicon, “agapaō,” STEP Bible, accessed April 8, 2021, https://www.stepbible.org/?q=version=ESV|strong=G0025&options=VNHUG.

11 A Greek-English Lexicon, “agapaō.”

Back to top

Scripture

The Bible

Citation information for the Bible and other sacred works can occur in footnotes OR parenthetical citations. Whichever format you choose, you must be consistent throughout your paper. In either of these formats, use abbreviations for the books of the Bible as applicable (see sections 10.51-53 of the CMS for a list of acceptable abbreviations). For example:

Paul explains that “in all things God works for the good of those who love him” (Rom. 8:28).

If you include the book, chapter, and verse as part of your sentence, you do NOT need to include the biblical reference again in brackets or a footnote. In this case, do not abbreviate the book name. For example:

Paul says in Romans 8:28, “And we know that in all things God works for the good of those who love him.”

NOTE: The first time you reference a translation, you must provide the full translation name in regular font as part of your footnote or parenthetical citation. For example:

Paul says in Romans 8:28, “And we know that in all things God works for the good of those who love him” (New International Version).

God instructed Moses to “chisel out two stone tablets like the first ones” (Exod. 34:1 New International Version).

God's will is clearly stated in Scripture; we are to "rejoice always, pray continually, [and] give thanks in all circumstances."1

1 1 Thess. (New International Version)

If you only use one translation in your assignment, subsequent Scripture references do not need to list the translation again. However, if you use multiple translations, you must provide the full name the first time each translation is referenced and abbreviations (NIV) for subsequent references.

Back to top

Theses and Dissertations

When referencing a thesis or dissertation, you must include the type of document and university name in place of publication information. Sample “types of documents” include “master’s thesis,” “unpublished dissertation,” and more.

Shortened Footnote

1 Ignatieff, “Just Measure of Pain,” 16.

2 Ignatieff, 26.

Bibliography (or Long Footnote)

(Footnote Template) # Firstname Lastname, “Title of the Thesis/Dissertation” (type of document, University Name, Year), pg.##, URL/database if needed.

1 Michael Ignatieff, “A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850” (Dissertation, Harvard University, 1978), 12. 

(Biblio. Template) Lastname, Firstname. “Title of the Thesis/Dissertation.” Type of document, University Name, Year.

Ignatieff, Michael. “A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850." Dissertation, Harvard University, 1978.

Back to top

Websites

The following guide lists how to cite websites in Chicago style. Please note, however, that websites are not considered scholarly sources. Therefore, they should only be used in particular contexts (e.g., when calling attention to a church’s mission statement or statement of faith) rather than as a foundational part of your research.

A “webpage” is the specific page you got your information from (like a chapter in a book). A “website” is the larger domain where all the pages on that site are housed (like the book the chapter is in). Since there are no page numbers on websites, include the URL as part of your footnote. Content from websites is usually not included in your Bibliography. 

Webpage (No Author)

When a webpage does not have an author listed, start the footnote with the title of the webpage. Note that for these entries, the website title is not italicized. 

Footnote

(Template) # “Title of the Webpage,” Title of the Website, [last modified/accessed] Date, URL.

1 “Rules for Using Commas,” Grammarly, last modified April 19, 2023, https://www.grammarly.com/blog/comma/.

2 “Rules for Using Commas,” https://www.grammarly.com/blog/comma/.

Blog Posts

When citing a blog post, cite it similar to a online news article. Include the blog author's name whenever possible. (Sometimes, an organization’s name may be used in place of an individual author - e.g., Microsoft Corporation). Include the word "blog" in brackets after the website title. Note that for blog entries, the website title is ​​​​​​italicized. 

NOTE: While most web sources only require footnotes (long footnote the first time, no Bibliography entry), blog posts require a Bibliography entry (meaning you only need shortened footnotes for that source in your text). 

Shortened Footnote

3 Germano, https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2017/02/15/futurist-shock/.

Bibliography (or Long Footnote)

(Footnote Template) # Firstname Lastname, “Title of the Webpage,” Title of the Blog if Applicable (blog), Title of the Website, [last modified/accessed] Date, URL.

4 William Germano, “Futurist Shock,” Lingua Franca (blog), Chronicle of Higher Education, February 15, 2017, https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2017/02/15/futurist-shock/.

(Biblio. Template) Lastname, Firstname. "Title of the Webpage." Title of the Blog if Applicable (blog). Title of the Website, Month Day, Year.

Germano, William. "Futurist Shock." Lingua Franca (blog). Chronicle of Higher Education, February 15, 2017. https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2017/02/15/futurist-shock/.

Content Produced by AI

NOTE: The expectations around the appropriate use of AI-generated content in academic work continue to evolve. Before using AI-generated content in your papers, please consult the Academic Integrity policies (UG) and Academic Honesty policies (SEM) in Tyndale's Academic Calendars. Only use AI-generated content if your professor permits it. 

Whenever content produced by AI is used in a Chicago paper, you must cite that information like you would any other source. Authors who have relied on content generated or edited by AI must make it clear how the tool has been used. Any specific content, whether quoted or paraphrased, should be cited where it occurs either as part of your sentence or in a footnote.

For the “author,” Chicago suggests that you credit the author or organization who created the AI algorithm in your citations. For example, ChatGPT could be the author of the content and OpenAI could be the publisher or developer.

Cited in Your Sentence

When referencing the use of AI in text, your sentence should in some way indicate the kind of prompt that was used to generate the information:

The following recipe for how to make pizza dough was generated on December 9, 2023 by ChatGPT-3.5. 

Footnote Example

# Text generated by [Name of AI Tool], Name of Publisher or Developer, Month Day, Year, URL. 

5 Text generated by ChatGPT-3.5, Open AI, December 9, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/share/90b8137d-ff1c-4c0c-b123-2868623c4ae2.

If you do not include an obvious reference in your sentence to the prompt used to generate the AI response, include that as part of your footnote. You do not need to include a URL when you provide a prompt as part of your footnote. You should also include any adjustments made to the AI content, if applicable, as part of that note. 

6 Response to “Explain how to make pizza dough from common household ingredients,” ChatGPT-3.5, Open AI, December 9, 2023, edited for style and accuracy.

You do not need to include AI in your bibliography. However, if for any reason an AI conversation is included in a bibliography, cite it under the name of the publisher or developer rather than the name of the tool and include a publicly available URL.

NOTE: The above examples were taken and/or adapted from https://www-chicagomanualofstyle-org.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/book/ed18/part3/ch14/psec112.html.

Back to top

Citing Something Someone Else Cited

Sometimes, you will find a quotation or a paraphrase in another text that perfectly fits what you want to say. Whenever possible, try to find the original source so that you can double check the accuracy and context of what the original author said. But when you can’t locate the original source, how do you cite their ideas properly?

In Chicago, you need to list both the source you have AND the original source in your footnote. Start the footnote by listing as much citation information as you have for the original source (you may need to look through the original source’s footnotes/Bibliography to find this information). Then, put a comma and “quoted in” or “paraphrased in,” and then provide the citation information for the source you have. For example:

1 Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Harvard University Press, 1981), 78.

You do NOT need to cite the original source in your bibliography. Only include a Bibliography entry for the source you have. So for the footnote above, the Bibliography entry would be:

Costello, Bonnie. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Harvard University Press, 1981.

Back to top